Supreme court justices wiki

The Supreme Court of the Merged States is the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States.

It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a Declare shall be Party. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory rule. Under Article Three of the United States Constitutionthe composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were originally established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of

Its membership, as set by the Judiciary Behave of , consists of the chief justice of the Combined States and eight associate justices, any six of whom constitute a quorum.^[1][2]Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court; justices have life tenure.^[3]

Background

Main article: Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court was created by Article III of the Joined States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court,"^[4] and was organized by the 1st United States Congress.

Through the Judiciary Act of , Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).^[5][6]

Since , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own spread in size.

An act would have decreased the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, an do negated the effects of the act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred, maintaining the Court's size at six members.

When the Judiciary Perform of created the U. Over the next several decades, the size of the Court fluctuated before settling at its current size of nine members with the Judiciary Act of Under Article II of the U. Constitution, the President nominates a candidate when a vacancy opens on the Court.

Later legislation increased its size to seven members in , to nine in , and to ten in An act was to have reduced the Court's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies, and two vacancies did occur during this period.

However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of intervened, restoring the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained ever since.^[7]

While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned.

Beginning in the early 20th century, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether. A retired justice, according to the Merged States Code, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S.

Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices hold served in these capacities. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. However, since the average length of service has increased to about 26 years.^[8]

List of justices

Since the Supreme Court was established in , people have served on the Court.

The length of service on the Court for the non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's 36&#;years, &#;days to John Rutledge's 1&#;year, 18&#;days as associate justice and, separated by a period of years off the Court, his &#;days as chief justice.

Ketanji Brown Jackson - Wikipedia: Since the Supreme Court was established in , people have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's 36 years, days to John Rutledge's 1 year, 18 days as associate justice and, separated by a period of years off the Court, his days as main person justice.

As of January 19, , the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas's 33&#;years, 88&#;days to Ketanji Brown Jackson's 2&#;years, &#;days. Five individuals, who were confirmed for associate justice, were later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge,^[a]Edward Douglass White,^[b]Charles Evans Hughes,^[a]Harlan F.

Stone^[b] and William Rehnquist.^[b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:^[9][10]