2 wtc bjarke ingels biography

2 World Trade Center

Unfinished skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

This article is about the current building. For the original building, see 2 World Trade Center (–).

2 Society Trade Center (2 WTC; also known as Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper being developed as part of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City.[1] It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was completed as part of the first World Trade Center in and subsequently destroyed during the September 11 attacks in , and it will occupy the position of the original 5 World Trade Center.

The foundation work was completed in ,[2][3] though no construction has taken place since.

Original building (–)

See also: World Trade Center (–) and 2 World Trade Center (–)

When completed in , 2&#;World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the World – behind its twin, 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower).

The South Tower's rooftop observation deck was 1,&#;ft (&#;m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,&#;ft (&#;m) high.[4] The Nature Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly; the Sears Tower in Chicago, finished in May , reached 1, feet (&#;m) at the rooftop.[5] Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had more floors (at ) than any other building.

This number was not surpassed until the completion of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in [6][7]

Of the stories, eight were set aside for technical services in mechanical floors (floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and /), which were four two-floor areas that evenly spaced up the building.

All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had 40, square feet (3,&#;m2) of space for occupancy. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.[8] The tower had 3,, square feet (,&#;m2) of office space.[9]

Initially conceived as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade", the South Tower, along with 1 World Trade Center (also known as the North Tower) at first failed to attract the expected clientele.

During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the State of Brand-new York. It was not until the s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies – mostly financial firms tied to Wall Avenue — became tenants.

During the s, approximately companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon, Salomon Brothers and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the Nature Trade Center included The Mall at the World Trade Center,[10] along with a PATH station.[11]

Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,&#;volts.

This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations stepped down the 13, primary voltage to /&#;volt secondary service, and then further down to /&#;volt general power and lighting service.

The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of 5&#;WTC.[12][13]

The th floor of 1&#;World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment; access to the roof of 1&#;WTC was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2&#;WTC.

September 11 attacks

At &#;a.m. EDT on September 11, , five terrorists crashed Together Airlines Flight into the southern face of the South Tower.[14][15] Three buildings in the Society Trade Center complex, including 2&#;WTC, collapsed due to fire-induced structural failure.[16] The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors.

The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour to hour and a half.[17]

The fires might not contain been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally dense high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft.

Located at Greenwich St. Planned by BIG-Bjarke Ingels Group, the design of 2 World Trade Center is derived from its urban context at the gathering point between two very other neighborhoods: the Financial District with its modernist skyscrapers and TriBeCa with its lofts and roof gardens. The design combines the unique qualities of each, melding high-rise with low-rise and contemporary with historical. The story building will be leased by Silverstein Properties to commercial office tenants.

Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique shortcoming points. In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely.[18][19] The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above.[20] The South Tower collapsed at &#;a.m.

after burning for 56&#;minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight and the explosion of its fuel.[16]

New building

The new story building, if erected, will have an architectural and roof height of 1, feet (&#;m).

This height is similar to that of the original South Tower, which carried the same address.[21] If and when completed, the building would likely become the 5th tallest in the city when measured by roof height.

Site redevelopment

Larry Silverstein had leased the first World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July [22] His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.[23] In the months obeying the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[24] The architect Daniel Libeskind won a rivalry to design the master schedule for the new World Trade Center in February [25][26] The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.[27][28] By July , the story 2&#;World Trade Center was being proposed for the northeast corner of the site.[27] The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.[29] The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to advance 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.[30][31]

British architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partners was hired to design the recent 2 World Trade Center, on the northeastern part of the World Trade Center site at Greenwich Street, in May Meanwhile, Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were selected as the architects for 3 and 4 Planet Trade Center, respectively.[32][33] The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September [34][35] 2 Society Trade Center would be a story, 1,foot-tall (&#;m) building, rising to a pinnacle with four diamonds.[34][36][37] The building would possess contained ,&#;sq&#;ft (13,&#;m2) of retail space in its base; four trading floors; and ×106&#;sq&#;ft (,&#;m2) of offices across 60 stories.[36] The lowest stories of 2 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield Planet Trade Center Mall.[38]

In Foster and Partners' original design, the structural engineer for the building was WSP Cantor Seinuk.[39] The four diamonds on the roof would have sloped down toward the memorial, indicating the sites of the original towers on the skyline.

The tower was engineered to resemble a diamond, with cross bracing and indentations breaking up each elevation of the facade.[40] The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey said that Foster's design "incorporates WTC master planner Daniel Libeskind's 'wedge of light' concept, and will cast no shadow on the memorial park on September "[41]

Construction

Excavation for Greenwich Street commenced in ,[42] at which direct the building was scheduled to be completed sometime between and By May , the Port Authority was seeking to shrink the size of 2 and 3 WTC and postpone the construction of 5 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein.[43][44] The developer had requested that the Port Power fund two of the towers, but the agency wanted to take control of the 3 WTC site and was willing to provide funding for only one tower.[44][45] New York Urban area mayor Michael Bloomberg attempted to mediate the dispute with small success.[46] In July , Silverstein wrote a letter to the development's stakeholders, recommending that the dispute go to arbitration.[47][48] Silverstein officially requested arbitration the next month.[49][50] He requested that the Port Authority pay $ billion in damages.[51][52] An arbitration panel ruled in January that the agency did not owe him any damages.[51][52] However, the panel also voided a clause that would have forced Silverstein to hand over the towers to Port Authority if they were not completed by [52][53]

As part of the arbitration process, Silverstein requested a $ billion tax-free bond issue for the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site.[54] The New York express government approved the bond issue in December , though the construction of 2 and 3 WTC remained on hold.[55] In February , Silverstein proposed constructing 3 WTC and delaying plans for 2 WTC, a relocate that was expected to conserve $ million in the concise term.[56] The next month, the PANYNJ and the city and state governments of New York agreed to fund $ million for 3 WTC's construction after Silverstein had found tenants for at least 40, square feet (3,&#;m2) of the space.[57][58] Silverstein would build the first five stories by if he were unable to finance the venture and lease the office space.[59] PANYNJ board members from Fresh Jersey acquiesced to the deal with Silverstein, but only on the condition that the agency also fund a reconstruction of the Bayonne Bridge.[60][61]

Tower 2 foundation work began on June 1, , but construction was halted in August [62] The street-level foundation was finished by November [63] and construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid[2][64] The repose of the building, however, has yet to be built unless tenants for Tower 2 could be found.[65] Larry Silverstein said in a interview that he was considering building the tower without a signed tenant.

He stated, "For all intents and purposes, it wouldn't be a bad idea to start on Tower 2 because it won't be finished until about , "[66]

Redesigns

Bjarke Ingels Group

On June 9, , Wired magazine reported that Two World Trade Center would be redesigned by Bjarke Ingels of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), and be built by The bottom half of the modern design would have been leased out to 21st Century Fox and News Corp[67] until they decided against leaving their current headquarters.[68]

Bjarke Ingels Group began redesigning 2 World Trade Center in May , upon the requests of the property's developer Silverstein Properties and its possible future media tenants.[21] The project's redesign was warranted since financial firms had since migrated away from the Financial District, making leasing out the new buildings a struggle and further prolonging the World Trade Center's redevelopment.

Financial firms were the intended occupants for Foster and Partners' 2 World Trade Center, and the original proposal's sky lobby style was not attractive to media tenants, who have been the leading tenants of the recent WTC towers and were expected to occupy BIG's redesigned building.

This design featured a cantilevering structure viewed from a northern perspective, but a terraced structure from an eastern perspective. From the south and west, the building's profile was vertically direct, but appeared to be leaning slightly toward One World Trade Center because of the cantilevering design.

In an interview, Bjarke Ingels described the concept of the redesign as such: "Two World Trade is almost favor a vertical village of bespoke buildings within the building, that also can be seen as a single tower. It actually has an inclination towards One World Trade Center, so the two towers – even though they're not twinning – by having a mutual relationship, the space between them is parallel, although at an incline."[21] The tower had also been described to integrate Tribeca with the Financial District, as the design's cantilevers and terraces resembled the modern architecture known of the neighborhood.

The first three floors of the 2,, square feet (,&#;m2) office building, including the ground level, would have featured about , square feet (9,&#;m2) of retail space.[69] The tower would have been the second–tallest skyscraper on the World Trade Center site, following One Planet Trade Center.

Return to Foster and Partners

After the pulling out of News Corp and 21st Century Fox, the future of the site became uncertain, with calls for the tower's style to be reverted to its original incarnation.[70] In a flatten interview, site developer Larry Silverstein signaled that both the Foster and BIG site plans were under consideration, and that a choice between the two would be made by a future prospective tenant.[71] In February , Silverstein suggested in an interview that construction may soon open "on spec", or without an anchor tenant, given the sturdy economy and leasing progress made on neighboring towers.[72] In January , Silverstein announced that he and Norman Foster were active together to update Foster's imaginative design, and that it would be "significantly modified to be more reflective of contemporary needs and taste".[73][74] Renderings of a revised Foster and Partners plan were published in early [75]

Possible tenants

In , Citigroup had shortlisted the tower as one of three potential locations for its headquarters for when its lease on Park Avenue expired in [76] The company eventually chose nearby Greenwich Street, however: a building that it already had under lease.

Silverstein has faced considerable difficulty in persuading tenants to lease floor space in Two World Trade Center. Most commonly, businesses ultimately decide against doing so because of the costs of moving in, but others prefer their current locations in Midtown Manhattan despite the leases sometimes being more costly, since Midtown Manhattan offers easier access to the Upper East Side, North Jersey, Long Island, Westchester, and Connecticut.

Silverstein has tried to appeal to the Downtown's proximity to nearby Brooklyn, the residence of many technology and media companies' employees. At present, prospective companies either are too large to be housed adequately in 2 World Trade Center (such as Facebook or Google), or conclude it would save money to remain where they are (such as News Corp and Fox Corporation).[77]

Bloomberg Business reported on June 2, , that News Corp and 21st Century Fox, both owned by Rupert Murdoch, had signed a non-binding agreement with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to create a joint headquarters at Two Nature Trade Center.

Silverstein said, "A decision by 21st Century Fox and News Corp. to proceed to the new World Trade Center would cap a seismic shift that has taken place in Lower Manhattan over the past decade. This isn't your grandfather's Wall Street."[78] The transform of lead architects, from Norman Foster to Bjarke Ingels, was dependent on the Murdoch companies' relocations to the site; a redesign was deemed necessary given the different requirements for TV studios as opposed to financial companies, the assumed major tenants for the Foster design.

Ingels's design would be kept at the same height as Foster's, but it was unclear how the redesign would conflict with the below-grade work already completed, which conformed to the imaginative building design.[79] On January 15, , it was reported that the two companies had decided against moving into 2 Planet Trade Center, instead keeping their current headquarters on the Route of the Americas.[68][80] They had concluded that "given the scale of investment in a relocation of this size, that [sic] our resources would be excel directed elsewhere."[77]

In September , Deutsche Bank was considering relocating their U.S.

headquarters to 2 WTC, signing on as anchor tenant once their lease expires at their current location along nearby 60 Wall Street.[81] However, in May , it was announced the bank was instead shifting to Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle.[82]

Scale models of the building were publicly revealed in September , although Silverstein was still trying to secure funding for the tower at the time.[83][84] That month, Silverstein began negotiating with American Express to sign them on as the anchor tenant for 2 WTC.

The deal, if finalized, would allow construction of the long-stalled tower to resume.[85][86]

See also

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