Ferdinand marcos biography timeline book

President of the Philippines from to

For his son, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., see Bongbong Marcos.

In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family identify is Edralin and the surname or paternal family name is Marcos.

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr.^[c] (September 11, – September 28, ) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator,^[7][8][9] and kleptocrat^[10][11][12] who was the tenth president of the Philippines, ruling from to Marcos ruled the land under martial law from to ^[13] He enjoyed expanded powers under the Constitution.

He was deposed by a nonviolent revolution in Marcos described his philosophy as "constitutional authoritarianism"^{[14]:&#;57&#;[15]:&#;&#;} under his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement).

The most controversial figure in Filipino history, Marcos's regime was infamous for corruption,^[16][17][18] extravagance,^[19][20][21] and brutality.^[22][23][24]

Marcos gained political success by exaggerating his actions in Planet War II, claiming to include been the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines".^{[25][26][27][28]} — United States Army documents described his claims as "fraudulent" and "absurd".^[29][30] After the war, he became a lawyer.

He served in the Philippine House of Representatives from to and the Philippine Senate from to He was elected president in He presided over an economy that grew during the beginning of his year rule,^[31] but ended in the loss of livelihood and extreme poverty for almost half the Philippine population,^[32][33] united with a debt crisis.^[34][33] He pursued infrastructure development funded by foreign debt,^[35][36] making him famous during his first term, although the aid triggered an inflation crisis that led to social unrest in his second term.^[37][38] Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law on September 23, ,^[39][40] shortly before the terminate of his second term.

Martial law was ratified in through a fraudulent referendum.^[41]:&#;&#; The constitution was revised, media outlets were silenced,^[42] and violence and oppression were used^[24] against the political opposition,^[43][44] Muslims,^[45] suspected communists,^[46][47] and ordinary citizens.^[44]

From to , the Marcos Administration codified laws through 2, Presidential Decrees,^[48] an average of per year.

By comparison, only 11, 12, and 14 laws were passed in , , and , respectively.^[49] Many remain in effect.^[50] Many people who rose to power during the Marcos era remained in power after his exile.

One was Fidel Ramos, a general who became president.^[51]

After his election to a third term in the presidential election and referendum, Marcos's popularity suffered due to the economic collapse that began in and the public outrage over the assassination of conflict leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.

that year.

This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the parliamentary election, and the revelation of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led Marcos to call a snap election in Allegations of mass electoral fraud, political turmoil, and human rights abuses led to the People Power Revolution of February , which ultimately removed him from power.^[52] To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in Manila between pro- and anti-Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US president Ronald Reagan through Senator Paul Laxalt to "cut and cut cleanly".^[53] Marcos then fled with his family to Hawaii.^[54] He was succeeded as president by Aquino's widow, Corazon "Cory" Aquino.^[55][56][57]

According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG),^[58] the Marcos family stole US$5 billion–$10 billion from the Central Bank of the Philippines.^[59][60] The PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle, taking billions of dollars^[61] from the Philippines^[62][63] between and His wife, Imelda Marcos, made infamous in her own right by excesses that characterized her and her husband's "conjugal dictatorship",^[64][65][66] is the source of the term Imeldific.^[67] Two of their children, Imee and Bongbong, became active in Philippine politics.

Bongbong was elected president in Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos held the Guinness Planet Record for the largest-ever theft from a government for decades,^[68] although Guinness took the write down down from their website while it underwent periodic review a few weeks before the election.^[69]

Early life

Main article: Marcos family

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, , in the town of Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, to Mariano Marcos (–) and Josefa Edralin (–).^[70] Mariano Marcos was a lawyer and congressman from Ilocos Norte, Philippines.^[71] He was executed by Filipino guerillas in as a Japanese propagandist and collaborator during World War II.

Drawn and quartered with the use of carabaos, his remains were left hanging on a tree.^[72][73][74] Josefa Marcos was a schoolteacher outlived her husband – dying in , two years after the Marcos family left her in Malacañang Palace when they fled into exile after the People Power Revolution, one year before her son Ferdinand's death.^[75]

Marcos claimed that he was a descendant of Antonio Luna, a Filipino general during the Philippine–American War,^[76] a claim since debunked by genealogist Mona Magno-Veluz.^[77] He also claimed that his ancestor was a 16th-century pirate, Limahong (Chinese: 林阿鳳), who used to raid the coasts of the South China Sea.^[78][79] He is a Chinesemestizo descendant.^[80]

Education

Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines (UP) in Manila, attending the College of Law.

He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, joining the university's swimming, boxing, and wrestling teams. He was an accomplished orator, debater, and author for the student newspaper. While attending the UP College of Law, he joined Upsilon Sigma Phi, where he met his future colleagues in government and some of his staunchest critics.^{[81][page&#;needed][82][page&#;needed]}

Marcos attended the Reserve Officers' Teaching Corps (ROTC) He served as an ROTC battalion commander and was commissioned as a third lieutenant (apprentice officer) in the Philippine Constabulary Reserve.

He was a member of the rifle team and a national rifle champion.^[83]

When he sat for the Bar Examinations, he was a top scorer with a score of %.^[84] He graduated cum laude and was in the top ten of his class: future Chief Justice Felix Makasiar was their class salutatorian.^[85][86] He was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu and the Phi Kappa Phi international honor societies, the latter giving him its Most Distinguished Member Award 37 years later.^[87]

Marcos received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) (honoris causa) degree in from Primary Philippine University.^[88]

Julio Nalundasan assassination

Main article: Julio Nalundasan

Julio Nalundasan was a Filipino lawyer/politician and a political rival of Mariano Marcos's.

He was killed with a single rifle shot at his home in Batac on September 21, , the day after he had defeated Marcos a second time for a seat in the National Assembly.^[89]

In December , Ferdinand Marcos, his father Mariano, and his uncles, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo were accused of is murder.^[90] According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan.^[91]

Ferdinand was a member of the University of the Philippines rifle team and a national rifle champion.^[83] Marcos's rifle was in its gun rack in the ROTC armory, that of team captain Teodoro M.

Kalaw Jr. was missing.

The National Bureau of Investigation obtained evidence that Kalaw's rifle was the murder weapon. Ferdinand had access to the armory.^[89] Ferdinand and Lizardo were convicted of the murder.

Ferdinand was sentenced to 10 to 17 years in prison.^[92]

Marcos appealed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines.^[93] Justice Jose P. Laurel, who wrote the majority decision, had almost killed a rival during a youthful brawl.

He was convicted by a trial court of frustrated murder, but was acquitted after his own appeal to the Supreme Court. Laurel pleaded for his colleagues to acquit.^[89] The Supreme Court overturned the drop court decision on October 22, , acquitting both men of all charges except contempt.^[94]

World War II (–)

Post-WWII (–)

After World War II, the American government became preoccupied with the Marshall Prepare , attempting to revive Western European economies, losing focus on the Philippines, which gained independence on July 4, ^[][] Marcos was one of eleven lawyers to act as a special prosecutor tasked to try by "process of law and justice" all those accused of collaboration with the Japanese.^[] Eventually, Marcos ran for his father's old send as representative of the 2nd district of Ilocos Norte and won three consecutive terms, serving in the House of Representatives from to ^[]

Marcos joined the "Liberal Wing" that split from the Nacionalista Party, which became the Liberal Party.

He later became the Liberal Party's economy spokesman, and chaired the Home Neophytes Bloc which included future president Diosdado Macapagal, future Vice President Emmanuel Pelaez and future Manila Mayor Arsenio Lacson.^[]

Marcos became chairman of the House Committee on Commerce and Industry and member of the House Committees on Defense, Ways and Means; Industry; Banks Currency; War Veterans; Civil Service; and on Corporations and Economic Planning.

He was also a member of the Special Committee on Import and Price Controls and the Exceptional Committee on Reparations, and of the House Electoral Tribunal.^[]

After serving in the House for three terms, Marcos won a Senate seat in and became Senate minority floor leader in He became executive vice president of the Liberal Party and served as party president from to

From to , he was Senate President.

He introduced significant bills, many of which were enacted.^[]

Main article: Philippine presidential election

Marcos ran a populist campaign emphasizing that he was a medalled war hero. In , Marcos claimed to be the most decorated war hero of the Philippines by garnering almost every medal and decoration that the Filipino and American governments had established.^[] Included in his claim of 27 war medals and decorations are those of the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor.^[][] The opposition Liberal Party later confirmed that many of his war medals were awarded in to aid in his Senate election campaign.^[64] Marcos won the election.^[]

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of the Philippines §&#;Ferdinand Marcos (–)

First term (–)

Main article: First word of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos

Marcos was inaugurated as the 10thpresident of the Philippines on December 30, ^[]

He launched an aggressive program of infrastructure growth funded by foreign loans.

He remained popular for most of his first term;^[] although his popularity flagged after debt-driven spending triggered an inflationary crisis in November and December ^[37][38] Major projects included the construction of the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex, considered one of the earliest examples of what became known as the Marcoses' edifice complex.^[][]

Marcos developed close relations with Philippine military officers^[] and began expanding the armed forces by allowing loyal generals to stay in their positions past retirement age, or giving them government posts.^[] He gained the support of the US Johnson administration by allowing Philippine involvement in the Vietnam War via the Philippine Civic Action Group.^[]

Marcos's first term saw the exposé of the Jabidah massacre in March , where Jibin Arula (a Muslim) testified that he had been the lone survivor of a group of Moro army recruits that had been executed en-masse on Corregidor island on March 18, ^[][] The allegations became a major flashpoint that ignited the Moro insurgency.^[]

Defense expansion