Biography of batista

Cuban politician (–)

Fulgencio Batista
Official portrait,
In office March 10, &#;– January 1,
Prime Minister
Vice President	Rafael Guas Inclán
Preceded by	Carlos Prío Socarrás
Succeeded by	Carlos Manuel Piedra
In office October 10, &#;– October 10,
Prime Minister
Vice President	Gustavo Cuervo Rubio
Preceded by	Federico Laredo Brú
Succeeded by	Ramón Grau
In office March 10, &#;– April 4,
President	Himself
Preceded by	Óscar Gans
Succeeded by
In office June 2, &#;– March 10,
Constituency	Las Villas
Born	Rubén Zaldívar ()January 16, Banes, Cuba
Died	August 6, () (aged&#;72) Marbella, Málaga, Spain
Resting place	Saint Isidore Cemetery
Political party
Spouses
Children	9
Other&#;names	Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (full name from )
Nickname(s)	El Hombre, El Indio, Mulato Lindo, Cuqui
Allegiance	Republic of Cuba
Branch/service	Cuban Army
Years&#;of service	–
Rank	Major general
Battles/wars	Cuban Revolution

Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar^[a][b] (born Rubén Zaldívar;^[2] January 16, – August 6, ) was a Cuban military officer and politician who played a dominant role in Cuban politics from his initial rise to power as part of the Revolt of the Sergeants until his overthrow in the Cuban Revolution in He served as elected president of Cuba from to , and military dictator from to his resignation.

Raised in humble circumstances, Batista first came to prominence in the Revolt of the Sergeants, which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. Batista then appointed himself chief of the armed forces, with the rank of colonel, and effectively controlled the five-member "pentarchy" that functioned as the collective head of state.

He maintained control through a series of puppet presidents until , when he was elected president on a populist platform.^[3][4] He then instated the Constitution of Cuba^[5] and presided over Cuban support for the Allies during World War II.

After finishing his term in , Batista moved to Florida, returning to Cuba to run for president in Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a military coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás that pre-empted the election.^[6]

Back in power and receiving financial, military and logistical support from the United States government,^[7][8] Batista suspended the Constitution and revoked most political liberties, including the right to strike.

He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations, and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans.^[9] Eventually, it reached the aim where most of the sugar industry was in U.S.

hands, and foreigners owned 70% of the arable land.^[10] As such, Batista's repressive government then began to systematically profit from the exploitation of Cuba's commercial interests, by negotiating lucrative relationships both with the American Mafia, who controlled the drug, gambling, and prostitution businesses in Havana, and with large U.S.-based multinational companies who were awarded lucrative contracts.^[9][11] To quell the growing discontent amongst the populace—which was subsequently displayed through frequent student riots and demonstrations—Batista established tighter censorship of the media, while also utilizing his Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activitiessecret police to carry out wide-scale force, torture and public executions.

These murders mounted in , as socialist ideas became more leading. While exact numbers are unclear, estimates of the death toll attributed to Batista range from hundreds to up to 20, victims.

Batista's efforts to quell the unrest proved not only ineffective, but his tactics were the catalyst to even wider resistance against his regime.

During this time, revolutionary leaders Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, founders of the July 26th Movement began a resistance campaign that saw a combination of tranquil protests and guerrilla warfare in both rural and urban areas of Cuba between and After almost two years of fighting, rebel forces led by Guevara successfully defeated Batista's forces at the Battle of Santa Clara on New Year's Eve, , effectively collapsing the regime.

Biography of Fulgencio Batista, Cuban President and Dictator: Fulgencio Batista, soldier and political leader who twice ruled Cuba—first in –44 with an efficient government and again in –59 as a dictator, jailing his opponents, using terrorist methods, and making fortunes for himself and his associates.

On January 1, , Batista announced his resignation, fleeing the territory to the Dominican Republic under the protection of Rafael Trujillo, before settling in Spain, spending the rest of his being in exile until his death in

Early life

Batista was born in the town of Veguita, located in the municipality of Banes, Cuba, in to Belisario Batista Palermo^[12] and Carmela Zaldívar González, who had fought in the Cuban War of Self-rule.

He was of Spanish, African, Chinese, and possibly some Taíno descent.^[13][14][15] Both Batista's parents are believed to have been of mixed race and one may have had Indigenous Caribbean blood.^[16] His mother named him Rubén and gave him her last name, Zaldívar.

His father did not want to register him as a Batista. In the registration records of the Banes courthouse, he was legally Rubén Zaldívar until , when he tried to register as a presidential candidate under the entitle Fulgencio Batista. When it was discovered that no birth certificate existed for a "Fulgencio Batista", he had to postpone his candidacy registration and pay 15, pesos to the local judge.^[2]

Batista was initially educated at a public school in Banes and later attended night classes at an American Quaker school.^[17] He left home at age 14, after the death of his mother.

Coming from a meek background, he earned a living as a laborer in the cane fields, docks, and railroads.^[18] He was a tailor, mechanic, charcoal vendor and fruit peddler.^[18] In , he traveled to Havana, and in April connected the army as a private.^[19] After learning shorthand and typing, Batista left the army in , working briefly as a teacher of stenography before enlisting in the Guardia Rural (rural police).

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He transferred back to the army as a corporal, becoming secretary to a regimental colonel.^[20] In September , he held the rank of sergeant stenographer and as such acted as the secretary of a group of non-commissioned officers who led a "sergeants' conspiracy" for better conditions and improved prospects of promotion.^[21]

coup

Main article: Sergeants' Revolt

In , Batista led an uprising called the Sergeants' Revolt, as part of the coup that overthrew the government of Gerardo Machado.^[22] Machado was succeeded by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada, who lacked a political coalition that could sustain him and was soon replaced.^[23]

A short-lived five-member presidency, known as the Pentarchy of , was established.

The Pentarchy included a representative from each anti-Machado faction. Batista was not a member, but restricted Cuba's armed forces. Within days, the representative for the students and professors of the University of Havana, Ramón Grau San Martín, was made president—and Batista became the Army Chief of Staff, with the rank of colonel, effectively putting him in control of the presidency.^[24] The majority of the commissioned officer corps were forced to retire or, some speculate, were killed.^[24]

Grau remained president for just over days before Batista, conspiring with the U.S.

envoy Sumner Welles, forced him to resign in January ^[22] Grau was replaced by Carlos Mendieta, and within five days the U.S. known Cuba's new government, which lasted eleven months. Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was elected president in ^[22] After Mendieta, succeeding governments were led by José Agripino Barnet (five months) and Miguel Mariano Gómez (seven months) before Federico Laredo Brú ruled from December to October ^[23]

Batista defeated Grau in the first presidential election () under the new Cuban constitution, and served a four-year term as President of Cuba, the first and to this day only non-white Cuban in that office.^[25] Batista was endorsed by the Democratic Socialist Coalition and the original Cuban Communist Party (later known as the Popular Socialist Party), which at the time had little significance and no probability of an electoral victory.

This support was primarily due to Batista's first advocacy of strengthening labor laws and his support for labor unions, with which the Communists had close ties, as successfully as the pro-Allied stance in World War II.^[27] In evidence, Communists attacked the anti-Batista rivalry, saying Grau and others were "fascists" and "reactionaries."^[28] During this term in office, Batista carried out major social reforms and established numerous economic regulations and pro-union policies.^[28]

Cuba entered World War II on the side of the Allies on December 9, , declaring war on Japan two days after the charge on Pearl Harbor.

On December 11, the Batista government declared war on Germany and Italy. In December , after a friendly visit to Washington, Batista said Latin America would applaud if the Declaration by Merged Nations called for war with Francisco Franco's Spain, calling the regime fascist.^[29][30]

In , Batista's handpicked successor, Carlos Saladrigas Zayas,^[31] was defeated by Grau.

In the final months of his presidency, Batista sought to handicap the incoming Grau administration. In a July 17, , dispatch to the U.S. Secretary of Express, U.S. Ambassador Spruille Braden wrote:

It is becoming increasingly perceptible that President Batista intends to discomfit the incoming Administration in every way possible, particularly financially.

He was a farm worker from eastern Cuba, and moved to Havana where he became a stenographer and a sergeant in the Army. He became a leader of a community of sergeants who wanted beat pay. With others they overthrew President Gerardo Machado in and Batista ended up commanding the Army. In Batista won election and was President of Cuba until

A systematic raid on the Treasury is in entire swing with the result that Dr. Grau will probably discover empty coffers when he takes office on October It is blatant that President Batista desires that Dr. Grau San Martin should assume obligations which in fairness and equity should be a matter of settlement by the present Administration.^[32]

Shortly after, Batista left Cuba for the Merged States.

"I just felt safer there," he said. He divorced his wife, Elisa Godínez, and married Marta Fernández in Two of their four children were born in the United States.

For the next eight years, Batista remained in the background, spending time in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City and a home in Daytona Beach, Florida.^[22]

He continued to participate in Cuban politics and was elected to the Cuban Senate in absentia in Returning to Cuba, he decided to run for president and received permission from President Grau, whereupon he formed the United Action Party.

On taking power he founded the Progressive Action Party, but he never regained his former accepted support, though the unions supported him until the end.^[33][34]

Military coup and dictatorship (–)

In , Batista again ran for president.

In a three-way race, Roberto Agramonte of the Orthodox Party led in all the polls, followed by Carlos Hevia of the Authentic Party. Batista's United Deed coalition was running a distant third.^[35][36]

On March 10, , three months before the elections, Batista, with army backing, staged a coup and seized power.

He ousted outgoing President Carlos Prío Socarrás, canceled the elections and took control of the government as a provisional president. The United States recognized his government on March ^[37] When asked by the U.S. government to analyze Batista's Cuba, Arthur M.

Schlesinger, Jr. said:

The corruption of the Government, the brutality of the police, the government's indifference to the needs of the people for education, medical care, housing, for social justice and economic justice&#; is an open invitation to revolution.^[38]

Economy of Cuba

Upon his seizure of might, Batista inherited a country that was relatively prosperous for Latin America.

According to Batista's government, although a third of Cubans still lived in poverty, Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in the region.^[39] In the s, Cuba's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was roughly equal to that of Italy at the time, although still only a sixth of that of the United States.^[40] Moreover, although corruption and inequality were rife under Batista, Cuban industrial workers' wages rose significantly.

In , the average Cuban family only had an income of $ a week, 15% to 20% of the labor force was chronically unemployed, and only a third of the homes had running water.^[41][40] Despite this, according to the International Labour Organization, the average industrial salary in Cuba became the world's eighth-highest in , and the average agricultural wage was higher than some European nations (although, according to one sample from to , agricultural workers could only locate employment for an average of days per year while farm owners, rural tenants and sharecroppers worked an average of only days per year).^[42]

Relationship with organized crime

Brothels flourished.

A major industry grew up around them; government officials received bribes, policemen unhurried protection money. Prostitutes could be seen standing in doorways, strolling the streets, or leaning from windows. One report estimated that 11, of them worked their trade in Havana.

Beyond the outskirts of the capital, beyond the slot machines, was one of the poorest, and most beautiful countries in the Western world.

—&#;David Detzer, American journalist, after visiting Havana in the s ^[43]

Throughout the s, Havana served as "a hedonistic playground for the world's elite", producing sizable gambling, prostitution and drug profits for the American mafia, spoil law-enforcement officials, and their politically elected cronies.^[44] In the analysis of the Cuban-American historian Louis Perez, "Havana was then what Las Vegas has become."^[45] Relatedly, it is estimated that by the end of the s the city of Havana had brothels.^[46] In addition, drugs, be it marijuana or cocaine, were so plentiful at the hour that one American magazine in proclaimed "Narcotics are hardly more difficult to obtain in Cuba than a shot of rum.

And only slightly more expensive."^[44] As a result, the playwright Arthur Miller described Batista's Cuba in The Nation as "hopelessly corrupt, a Mafia playground, (and) a bordello for Americans and other foreigners."^[47]

In a bid to profit from such an environment, Batista established lasting relationships with organized crime, notably with American mobsters Meyer Lansky and Privileged Luciano, and under his command Havana became known as "the Latin Las Vegas".^[48] Batista and Lansky formed a friendship and business relationship that flourished for a decade.

During a remain at the Waldorf-Astoria in Modern York in the late s, it was mutually agreed that, in return for kickbacks, Batista would give Lansky and the Mafia control of Havana's racetracks and casinos.^[49] After World War II, Luciano was paroled from prison on the condition that he permanently return to Sicily.

Luciano secretly moved to Cuba, where he worked to resume control over American Mafia operations. Luciano also ran a number of casinos in Cuba with the sanction of Batista, though the American government eventually succeeded in pressuring the Batista government to deport him.^[50]

Batista encouraged large-scale gambling in Havana.

In , he announced that Cuba would grant a gaming license to anyone who invested US$1&#;million in a hotel or $, in a new nightclub—and that the government would provide matching universal funds for construction, a year tax exemption, and waive duties on imported equipment and furnishings for new hotels.

Each casino would pay the government $, for the license, plus a percentage of the profits. The policy omitted background checks, as required for casino operations in the United States, which opened the door for casino investors with illegally obtained funds.

Cuban contractors with the right connections made windfalls by importing, duty-free, more materials than needed for new hotels and selling the surplus to others. It was rumored that, besides the $, to obtain a license, an additional "under the table" fee was sometimes required.^[51]

Lansky became a prominent figure in Cuba's gambling operations,^[22] and exerted influence over Batista's casino policies.

The Mafia's Havana Conference was held on December 22, , at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba; this was the first full-scale rendezvous of American underworld leaders since the Chicago meeting in Lansky set about cleaning up the games at the Montmartre Club, which soon became the "place to be" in Havana.

He also wanted to open a casino in the Hotel Nacional, the most elegant hotel in Havana. Batista endorsed Lansky's notion over the objections of American expatriates such as Ernest Hemingway, and the renovated casino wing opened for business in with a show by Eartha Kitt.

The casino was an immediate success.^[52]

As the new hotels, nightclubs, and casinos opened, Batista calm his share of the profits. Nightly, the "bagman" for his wife collected 10% of the profits at Santo Trafficante's casinos, the Sans Souci cabaret, and the casinos in the hotels Sevilla-Biltmore, Commodoro, Deauville, and Capri (partly owned by the performer George Raft).

His take from the Lansky casinos—his prized Habana Riviera, the Hotel Nacional, the Montmartre Club, and others—was said to be 30%.^[53] Lansky was said to have personally contributed millions of dollars per year to Batista's Swiss bank accounts.^[54]

Support of U.S.

business and government

At the beginning of Joined States companies owned about 40 percent of the Cuban sugar lands—almost all the cattle ranches—90 percent of the mines and mineral concessions—80 percent of the utilities—practically all the oil industry—and supplied two-thirds of Cuba's imports.

—&#;John F.

Kennedy^[41]

In a manner that antagonized the Cuban people, the U.S. government used its alter to advance the interests of and increase the profits of the private American companies, which "dominated the island's economy".^[41] By the late s, U.S.

financial interests owned 90% of Cuban mines, 80% of its universal utilities, 50% of its railways, 40% of its sugar performance and 25% of its bank deposits—some $1 billion in total.^[45] According to historian Louis A.

Pérez Jr., author of the book On Becoming Cuban, "Daily life had developed into a relentless degradation, with the complicity of political leaders and widespread officials who operated at the behest of American interests."^[45] As a symbol of this partnership, ITT Corporation, an American-owned multinational telephone company, presented Batista with a Golden Telephone, as an "expression of gratitude" for the "excessive telephone rate increase", at least according to Senator John F.

Kennedy, that Batista granted at the urging of the U.S. government.^{[41][non-primary source needed]}

Earl E.T. Smith, former U.S. Ambassador to Cuba, testified to the U.S.

Senate in that, "Until Castro, the U.S. was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man, sometimes even more important than the Cuban president."^[55] In addition, nearly "all aid" from the U.S.

to Batista's government was in the "form of weapons assistance", which "merely strengthened the Batista dictatorship" and "completely failed to advance the economic welfare of the Cuban people".^{[41][non-primary source needed]} Such actions later "enabled Castro and the Communists to encourage the growing belief that America was indifferent to Cuban aspirations for a decent life."^{[41][non-primary source needed]}

According to historian and author James S.

Olson, the U.S. government essentially became a "co-conspirator" in the arrangement because of Batista's strong opposition to communism, which, in the rhetoric of the Cold War, seemed to maintain business stability and a pro-U.S.

posture on the island.^[9] Thus, in the view of Olson, "The U.S. government had no difficulty in dealing with him, even if he was a hopeless despot."^[9] On October 6, , Senator John F.

Kennedy, in the midst of his campaign for the U.S. presidency, decried Batista's relationship with the U.S. government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him.

Batista, Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution

I believe that there is no country in the world including any and all the countries under colonial domination, where economic colonization, humiliation and exploitation were worse than in Cuba, in part owing to my country's policies during the Batista regime.

I approved the proclamation which Fidel Castro made in the Sierra Maestra, when he justifiably called for justice and especially yearned to rid Cuba of corruption. I will even go further: to some extent it is as though Batista was the incarnation of a number of sins on the part of the Merged States.

Now we shall contain to pay for those sins. In the matter of the Batista regime, I am in agreement with the first Cuban revolutionaries. That is perfectly clear.

—&#;U.S. President John F. Kennedy, to Jean Daniel, October 24, ^[56]

On July 26, , just over a year after Batista's second coup, a small group of revolutionaries attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago.

Government forces easily defeated the assault and jailed its leaders, while many others fled the country. The principal leader of the attack, Fidel Castro, was a young attorney who had run for parliament in the canceled elections. Although Castro was never officially nominated, he felt that Batista's coup had sidetracked what would possess been a promising political career for him.^[57] In the arouse of the Moncada assault, Batista suspended constitutional guarantees and increasingly relied on police tactics in an attempt to "frighten the population through open displays of brutality."^[22]

Batista held an election in , running as the candidate of a political coalition that included the Progressive Action Party, the Radical Union Party and the Liberal Party.^{[58][page&#;needed]} The disagreement divided into abstentionists and electoralists.

The abstentionists favored boycotting the elections regardless of the circumstances in which they were held, whereas the electoralists sought certain rights and guarantees to participate.^{[59][page&#;needed]} The CIA had predicted that Batista would use any means necessary to ensure he won the election.

Batista lived up to their expectations, utilizing fraud and intimidation to secure his presidency. This led most of the other parties to boycott the elections.^[60] Former President Ramón Grau San Martín, leading the electoralist factions of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, participated through the political campaign but withdrew from the campaign days before election day, charging that his supporters had been terrorized.^{[61][page&#;needed]} Thus Batista was elected president with the support of % of registered voters.

Despite the boycott, Grau received the support of % of those who voted. The remaining voters abstained.^{[62][page&#;needed]}

By late , student riots and anti-Batista demonstrations had become frequent, and unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs.^[63][64] These were dealt with through increasing repression.

All youth were seen as suspected revolutionaries.^[65] Due to its continued opposition to Batista and the large amount of revolutionary action taking place on its campus, the University of Havana was temporarily closed on November 30, (it did not reopen until under the first revolutionary government).

Twenty years earlier Batista had become the strongman that would come to symbolize the heart and soul of Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy. His parents, who lived and worked in a sugar plantation, were said to be of mixed race; Negro, white, Indian, and it was popularly believed Chinese. In he joined the army as a private, and in he became a military tribunal stenographer with the rank of sergeant. In an uprising known as the " Revolt of the Sergeants ," Batista took over the Cuban government on September 4,

On March 13, , pupil leader José Antonio Echeverría was killed by police outside Radio Reloj in Havana after announcing that Batista had been killed in a student attack on the Presidential Palace. In life, Batista survived, and the students of the Federation of University Students (FEU) and the Directorio Revolucionario (DR) who led the attack were killed in the response by the military and police.

Castro quickly condemned the attack, since July 26 Movement had not participated in it.^{[66][page&#;needed]}

In April , Batista called accepted military leader Col.

Ramón Barquín back to Cuba from his post as military attaché to the United States. Believing Barquín would support his rule, Batista promoted him to General.^[67] However, Barquín's Conspiración de los Puros (Conspiracy of the Pure) was already underway and had already progressed too far.

On April 6, , Barquín led hundreds of career officers in a coup attempt, but was frustrated by Lieutenant Ríos Morejón, who betrayed the plan. Barquín was sentenced to solitary confinement for eight years on the Isle of Pines, while some officers were sentenced to death for treason.^[67] Many others were allowed to remain in the military without reprimand.^{[68][page&#;needed]}

The purge of the officer corps contributed to the inability of the Cuban army to successfully combat Castro and his guerrillas.^[67][69] Batista's police responded to increasing popular unrest by torturing and killing young men in the cities.

However, his army was ineffective against the rebels based in the Sierra Maestra and Escambray Mountains.^[22] Another possible explanation for the blunder to crush the rebellion was offered by author Carlos Alberto Montaner: "Batista does not finalize Fidel out of greed&#; His is a government of thieves.

To have this small guerrilla band in the mountains is to his advantage, so that he can order special defense expenditures that they can steal."^[22] Batista's rule became increasingly unpopular among the population, and the Soviet Union began to secretly support Castro.^[70] Some of Batista's generals also criticized him in later years, saying that Batista's excessive interference in his generals' military plans to defeat the rebels hampered Army morale and rendered all operations ineffective.^[68]

It is clear that counter-terror became the strategy of the Batista government.

It has been estimated that perhaps as many as 20, civilians were killed.^[71]

In an endeavor to gather information about Castro's army, Batista's secret police pulled in people for questioning.

Many innocent people were tortured by Batista's police, while suspects, including youth, were publicly executed as a warning to others who were considering joining the insurgency. Additionally, "Hundreds of mangled bodies were left hanging from lamp posts or dumped in the streets in a grotesque variation of the Spanish colonial rehearse of public executions."^[65] The violent behavior backfired and increased back for the guerrillas.

In , 45 organizations signed an reveal letter supporting July 26 Movement, among them national bodies characterizing lawyers, architects, dentists, accountants, and social workers.

The United States supplied Batista with planes, ships, tanks and the latest technology, such as napalm, which he used against the insurgency.

However, in March , the U.S. announced it would stop selling arms to the Cuban government.^[72] Soon after, the U.S. imposed an arms embargo, further weakening the government's position,^[73] although landowners and others who benefited from the government continued to sustain Batista.^[27]

Elections were scheduled for June , as required by the Constitution, but were delayed until November , when Castro and the revolutionaries called for a general strike and placed several bombs in civilian areas of the country.

Three main candidates ran in the elections: Carlos Márquez Sterling of the Party of the Free People, former President Ramón Grau San Martín of the Cuban Revolutionary Party-Authentic, and Andrés Rivero Agüero of the government coalition.

According to Carlos Márquez Sterling, all three were threatened by Castro, and several assassination attempts were made on both Ramón Grau San Martín and Carlos Márquez Sterling. On Election Day, estimates on the turnout range from 30 to 50% in the areas where voting took place, which did not include parts of Las Villas and Oriente, which were controlled by Castro.^{[74][page&#;needed]} Márquez Sterling also stated that the initial results were favorable to him, but the military ordered the counting to stop as they changed the actual ballots for fraudulent ones.^[74] However, Grau San Martín, as he had previously done in the elections, withdrew his candidacy within a few hours of the election day.

Batista declared Rivero Agüero the winner.

The U.S. rejected the results of the elections and announced plans to withhold diplomatic recognition of the Rivero Agüero government.^[73] The American dignitary to Cuba Earl Smith informed Agüero that the United States would not give aid and support to his government.^[73] Smith also informed Batista that the U.S.

believed him incapable of maintaining effective control and that he should retire.^[73]

On December 31, , at a New Year's Eve party, Batista told his cabinet and top officials that he was leaving the region and resigned.

After seven years, Batista knew his presidency was over, and he fled the island in the early morning.^[75] At &#;a.m. on January 1, , Batista boarded a plane at Camp Columbia with 40 of his supporters and immediate family members^[76] and flew to Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic.

A second plane flew out of Havana later in the night, carrying ministers, officers and the Governor of Havana. Batista took along a personal fortune of more than $&#;million that he had amassed through graft and payoffs.^[77] Critics accused Batista and his supporters of taking as much as $&#;million in fine art and cash with them as they fled into exile.^[78][79]

As news of the fall of Batista's government spread through Havana, The New York Times described jubilant crowds pouring into the streets and automobile horns honking.

The black and red flag of the July 26 Movement waved on cars and buildings. The atmosphere was chaotic. On January 8, , Castro and his army rolled victoriously into Havana.^[80] Already denied entry to the United States, Batista sought asylum in Mexico, which also refused him.

Portugal's leader António Salazar allowed him to settle there on the condition that he completely abstain from politics.^[81]

Historians and primary documents estimate between hundreds and 20, Cubans were killed under the Batista regime.^{[82][83][84][85][86][87][88]}

However, the 20, number is disputed by several historians, which considered it as ‘propaganda’.

According to French historian Jeannine Verdès-Leroux:

[] Intellectuals and journalists have endlessly hammered home the falsified figure of 20, deaths. Castro only spoke, in his report to the 1st Congress of the Cuban Communist Party, of an “incalculable” number of victims.

Specialists agree to conclude that the figure of 2, deaths is a high maximum.^[89]

Disputed death count

People were killed, with estimates ranging from hundreds to a maximum of 20,, although this high figure is disputed.^[90][83][89]

The figure of 20, was first written in Bohemia – the most popular magazine in Cuba – by Enrique de la Osa.^[91] Historical consensus maintains that De la Osa – a hardline communist and fierce companion to Fidel Castro – completely fabricated this figure, among many other fabrications he wrote in the famous section of Bohemia he directed that was called "En Cuba."^[92] Fidel Castro later positioned Enrique de la Osa to become director of Bohemia, and forced Miguel Ángel Quevedo into exile.^[93]

These tactics ultimately failed to quell unrest and instead were the catalyst for more widespread resistance.

For two years (December – December ) Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement and other rebelling elements led an urban- and rural-based guerrilla uprising against Batista's government, which culminated in his eventual defeat by rebels under the direct of Che Guevara at the Battle of Santa Clara on New Year's Day Batista immediately fled the island with an amassed personal fortune to the Dominican Republic, where strongman and previous military ally Rafael Trujillo held power.

Batista eventually start political asylum in António Salazar's Portugal, where he first lived on the island of Madeira and then in Estoril. He was involved in business activities in Francoist Spain and was staying there in Marbella at the time of his death from a heart attack in ^[94]

Personal life

Marriages and children

Batista married Elisa Godínez y Gómez on July 10, They had three children: Mirta Caridad (–), Elisa Aleida (born ), and Fulgencio Rubén Batista Godínez (–).^[95] By all accounts, she was loyal to him and their children throughout their marriage, and their daughter remembered them as a "happy, young couple" until their sudden divorce.

Much to her surprise, he divorced her in October against her will in order to marry his longtime mistress Marta Fernández Miranda.

He married Fernández on November 28, , shortly after his divorce became final, and they had five children: Jorge Luis (born ), Roberto Francisco (born ), Carlos Manuel (–), Fulgencio José (born ) and Marta María Batista Fernández (born ).

Batista was an inveterate philanderer who engaged in numerous extramarital affairs throughout his first marriage. He cheated on his first wife with multiple women, and his children eventually became aware of his relationships.^{[96][page&#;needed]} His first wife, who supported her husband throughout his political career and start his philandering humiliating, never considered divorce and tolerated his multiple affairs.^{[96][page&#;needed]} However, Batista became enamored with the much younger Marta Fernández Miranda, who became his longtime mistress.

He filed divorce papers shortly before his first grandchild was born. His first wife and their children were astounded and devastated by the divorce.^{[97][page&#;needed]}

In , he had with his mistress Marina Estévez an illegitimate daughter, Fermina Lázara Carmela de las Mercedes Batista Estévez, whom he supported financially.^[79][98]

Death

After he fled to Portugal, Batista lived in Madeira, then later in Estoril.

He died of a heart attack on August 6, , in Marbella, Spain.^[94]

Marta Fernández Miranda de Batista, Batista's widow, died on October 2, ^[78] Roberto Batista, her son, said that she died at her home in West Palm Beach, Florida, US.^[79] She had suffered from Alzheimer's disease.^[79]

Books written by Batista

• Estoy con el Pueblo (I am With the People), Havana,
• Respuesta, Manuel León Sánchez S.C.L., Mexico City,
• Piedras y leyes (Stones and Laws), Mexico Metropolis,
• Cuba Betrayed, Vantage Press, Modern York,
• To Rule is to Foresee,
• The Growth and Decline of the Cuban Republic, Devin-Adair Company, New York,

References

Notes

Citations